General Languages Resources
Internet Resources Home
Discussion Lists and Newsgroups
CataList.
A catalogue of public LISTSERV lists, searchable by key word. In Swedish
The Directory of Scholarly and Professional
E-Conferences. Search for a discussion list by keywords.
Everson's and Comrie's
List of Language Lists. A comprehensive, long-established list of
email discussion lists related to languages and linguistics.
ICTinMFL. A
discussion list on the use of new technologies in language learning and
teaching.
Harley Hahn's Usenet Newsgroup
list. A searchable and browsable list of newsgroups on Usenet.
Liszt Searchable Directory of e-Mail
Discussion Groups. Browse by category, or search using keywords. Over
54,000 groups indexed.
Mailbase. Discussion lists for
UK Higher Education, many of which are also open to people outside this
sector. You can search for lists by keyword.
Papyrus
News. A distribution list relating to "the global impact of information
technology on language, literacy, and education", run by Mark
Warschauer of the University of Hawaii.
TeachTech.
A listserv for teachers of language teachers and the use of technology
in second language learning.
Distance Language Learning
See also Internet-based Language Learning
Autonomy and Independence
in Language Learning A useful resource for teachers involved in the
growing field of self-access and distance language learning, containing
contacts, a bibliography, and links to related Internet sites and email
lists.
Educational
Technology in Language Learning. A publication comprising 17 articles,
in English and French, by leading academics in the field.
Fonts for Languages and Phonetics
ANSI Character
Set. A list of characters 128-255 in the ANSI character set, used
by many non-English languages.
Dr Berlin's Font Archive.
A large collection of foreign language typefaces and keyboard utilities
for Windows.
Fonts in Cyberspace.
A list of over 400 fonts for 85 languages, sorted by language, hosted
at the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Phonetic
Fonts. Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL)
IPA fonts for Windows and Macintosh. As well as the fonts there's documentation
on how to install and use them.
Yamada Language
Centre Font Archive.
Windows
Font Archive in Sweden. A large collection of Mac and PC language
fonts.
Journals
In addition to the journals listed below, there's a list
of CALL-related journals and newsletters on the EUROCALL
website.
NB: This section contains journals that aren't dedicated
to a particular language. Language-specific journals can be found in the
appropriate language section.
Australian Journal of Educational
Technology. A tri-annual, refereed journal. The website has back issues
in HTML, with a search facility.
Language Learning and Technology. A
refereed journal for second and foreign language educators.
Language Magazine. A bimonthly
magazine for language teachers in the US, focussing primarily, but not
exclusively, on ESL. There are back issues, book reviews, and conference
reports online, plus a links page and even a section devoted to language
funnies. Formerly American Language Online.
Reading in a Foreign Language.
A refereed journal published by the National
Foreign Language Resource Center at the University of Hawaii. Current
and back issues online in PDF.
Language Centres, Departments, and Laboratories
Association of University Language Centres
(AULC). An association of language centres in the UK and Ireland.
Aston University School of Languages
and European Studies
University of
Leeds Language Centre
Newcastle University School of
Modern Languages
Oxford University Language Centre
The highlight of this server is its large section on the BBC series Italia
2000 which includes programme transcripts and even a downloadable
PC application containing exercises based on the first six programmes.
Southern Illinois University
Language Media Centre As well as info on the LMC there are some links
and downloadable CALL software.
University of Sussex
Language Centre As well as Internet resources this site offers a 'Virtual
CALL Library' of shareware and freeware to download.
Virtual media lab at the
University of Pennsylvania, USA.
Language Tutors
Tutor pages: languages. A directory of private language tutors in the UK, where you can search by language and location to find tutors in your area. The site is free to students, but tutors pay an annual subscription fee. The site also has a free e-book giving in-depth advice on all aspects of becoming a private tutor.
Linguistics
The AGFL Grammar Work Lab. Downloadable
software for natural language processing, based on the AGFL (Affix Grammars
over Finite Lattices) system developed at the University of Nijmegen.
AMALGAM
Automatic Mapping Among Lexico-Grammatical Annotation Models.
Applied
Linguistics Association of Australia.
Ask-a-Linguist. A service
provided by the LINGUIST discussion
list, Ask-a-Linguist allows anyone to submit any question relating to
languages or linguistics to a panel of volunteer professional linguists.
CCALAS
Centre for Computer Analysis of Language and Speech.
Centre for Applied Linguistics. A
vast collection of resources for those interested in "applying research
information about language and culture to educational, cultural, and social
concerns", including papers, databases, clearing houses, and links.
Contragram. A research
group on contrastive grammar at the University of Gent, Belgium. Resources
on the website include the Contragram newsletters, a bibliography on contrastive
linguistics, and a Dutch-French-English Contrastive Verb Valency Dictionary.
Corpus Linguistics.
Lots of pointers to sources of corpora and text analysis software.
Creolist Archives. A site
dedicated to the study of pidgins, creoles, and other contact languages.
Ethnologue:
Languages of the World
A comprehensive reference on over 6,700 world languages, compiled by SIL.
The brief entry for each language, includes its alternate names, number
of speakers, location, and dialects.
fonetiks.org. An online pronunciation
guide with audio clips for selected languages, primarily English and national
variants but also Spanish, French, Italian, German, Thai, and Indonesian.
The pages take a little while to load as the audio clips (.wav) are embedded
in them, and Macs won't be able to play the clips as they use Windows
Media Player.
The International
Clearing House for Endangered Languages. Resources and links for scholars
of languages threatened with extinction. In English and Japanese.
John Higgins' Home Page
Downloadable papers on English language linguistics and free CALL software.
Linguists Federation.
The Federation promotes knowledge of languages by
organising meetings worldwide to practise languages, usually through the
medium of informal clubs and circles. The website lists existing circles
and clubs by country and town, with contact details for anyone wishing
to join in.
MIT Open Courseware
| Linguistics and Philosophy. The purpose of the MIT Open Courseware
project is to provide
free, searchable, coherent access to MIT's course materials for educators
in the non-profit sector, students, and individual learners around the
world . At the time of writing (March 2003) the Linguistics & Philosophy
section has two linguistics courses available, including Introduction
to Linguistics.
Omniglot - a guide to writing systems.
An encyclopaedic and detailed guide to over 200 different alphabets, syllabaries
and other writing systems, including selected links to further resources
about each system. There's also a selection of languages links, a bibliography,
a small number of downloadable fonts, and an especially useful section
on multilingual computing
dealing with the perennial issue of displaying and writing in non-Roman
character sets. Behind a deceptively quiet home page this site conceals
a wealth of resources for linguists. Recommended.
Resources
Linguistiques A long list of links to language-related sites, written
in French.
Robert
Beard's Linguistics Page Includes online dictionaries and a list of
morphology sites.
Rosetta Project. A global
collaborative project intended to create a permanent archive of over 1,000
threatened or dead languages. Each language has a section with a linguistic
description, links to resources on the language, and texts in the language.
Speech accent archive. A large database
of the accentuated speech of native and non-native English speakers
from a wide range of origins, reading the same English paragraph, with
phonetic transcription.
Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL)
Resources related to "the study of minority languages and cultures around
the world."
Textalyser. An online text analyser
which will analyse blocks of pasted text, or a web page from a URL, and
parse it to obtain statistics such as word count, average syllable length,
readability, word frequency, etc. A handy little utility.
Text analysis software (Intext) .
Public domain text analysis software which runs in 32-bit MSDOS, and
is downloadable from the site. Site text in English and German.
Tim John's Data-Driven
Learning Page.
University College London Department
of Phonetics and Linguistics. A host of linguistics resources, including
web tutorials in phonetics written by students.
Visual Interactive Syntax Learning (VISL).
Internet-based teaching and language analysis software in a number of
languages, plus links to selected linguistics sites. The project is based
at the University of Odense, Denmark.
Lists and indexes of language resources
NB: The links in this section relate to multi-language lists
and indexes - those specific to a language can be found in the appropriate
language section of this list.
BBC
Webguide: Languages. An A-Z listing of useful sites for adult language
learners, from Albanian to Welsh. Each link is annotated, and the list
includes many non-European languages. An excellent starting point if you're
looking for beginner's lessons in a language, particularly a lesser-taught
language. Recommended.
CALL 4 All. Described as a "A
Virtual Encyclopedia of all major language learning links, Web dictionaries
and Computer-Assisted Language Learning organizations in the world" , this
site aims to be the definitive compendium of links to sites and resources
in Computer-Aided Language Learning (CALL). Links are briefly annotated,
and sorted alphabetically by title.
Clickfish Guide to
Language Learning. Annotated links for learners of languages (online-courses,
interesting facts about learning, studying abroad, media, literature,
reference material) with weekly topic-related articles and personal advice.
In German.
Corpus Linguistics
Information about the Corpus project and pointers to corpora and language-related
sites on the Net.
DutchESS. Dutch Electronic
Subject Service. A search engine for Internet resources "selected on quality
and relevance for the academic community", based at National
Library of the Netherlands. (This service used to be known as Nederlandse
Basisclassificatie Web.)
English,
French, and German links
Foreign
Language Links on the WWW. Links to General, French, German, and Spanish
language sites.
Foreign
Language Resources at Netlearn. A short, but well-annotated, list
of resources, including Internet Guides in a number of languages (particularly
French).
French, Italian,
and Spanish Links and Resources. A collection of annotated links,
sorted by language, with a section for sites using audio and/or video.
The
Halcyon Cosmopolitan Entertainment. An eclectic collection of links
language-related sites and to newspapers and journals worldwide.
The Human Languages Page.
(aka "I Love Languages".) A resource containing pointers to
tutorials, dictionaries, and even audio files in a wide range of languages,
including some lesser-known such as Serbo-Croat and Gaelic. One of the
most comprehensive collections of language sites on the WWW. Recommended.
Internet Resources.
A short but well-annotated list maintained by the American
Library Association.
Jump Page at the Leeds
University Department of German. A list of links to German sites, sorted
by type.
Language
Links. A good collection of links, sorted by language, including African
and Asian languages, and Hebrew.
Language
Links. A list hosted by the Modern Languages Department of St. Peter's
School, York, UK.
Language Resources
on the Internet A large resource list at Sussex University sorted
by language.
Ohio
University CALL Lab Pointers to online language teaching and learning
resources.
Lingu@net Europa. A database
of Internet resources for education and training, organised by language.
Site text in Dutch, English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. Lingu@net
is an EU initiative.
Lingu@NET at NCET "A one-stop
language centre". Pointers to language resources.
Search Languages: Language
Resource Directory. A Yahoo-like searchable directory of language
resources on the Net, sorted by category, including resources in Arabic
and Chinese.
SJN
Languages Links. Lots of annotated links to French and German sites.
TALEN EFA.
A collection of links to sites in a number of European languages, and
in Arabic. Website text in Dutch.
Tim John's CALL
Page Links to CALL-related Internet sites. You can also download two
pieces of DOS freeware.
URIEL. Italian, Spanish,
French, English, and German links.
Virtual Tourist Pre-Home Page
Comprehensive guide to all the WWW servers in the world, and local and
regional information.
Virtual Resource Centre.
A collection of links to online resources, categorised by resource type
(eg Learning Resources, Language Societies). Maintained by the Department
of Languages and Intercultural Studies at Anglia Polytechnic University,
UK.
Web Resources for CALL Lab
Managers. An annotated and categorised collection of links particularly
aimed at managers of CALL Laboratories (eg training, setting up labs)
and ESL teachers.
World Language Pages.
Links to resources in various languages, sorted by language, maintained
by the WELL project.
Yahoo!
Social Science:Linguistics and Human Languages:Languages:Education
Yahoo subject tree:
Countries WWW sites in countries worldwide sorted by category.
Miscellaneous
Global Travel Advisory.
Current news on conditions affecting travellers worldwide, focussing on
travel and safety problems. You can subscribe to an email list to automatically
receive travel advisories. Categorised by world region and country.
The M-Tech Worksheet Generator.
Create your own exercise worksheets (eg word scramble, gapfill, banks
and blanks) to print and use in class. Enter your own wordlist or text,
in any language using the Roman character set, and the generator will
create an exercise 'on the fly'.
Nuntii Latini. Daily news
from Finland in Latin.
RealAudio site
guide. A searchable list of sites using RealAudio technology.
Sabbatical Homes. A listing
service for academics going on sabbatical to other countries, who want
to let or rent homes for the sabbatical period. At the time of writing
(July 2000) the service was free for an introductory period.
TV Schedules at EuroTV.
Programme schedules for all the major TV channels in Europe, sorted by
country.
Newspapers and periodicals
NB: Links to newspapers and periodicals in a specific language
(eg La Stampa, La Vanguardia) can be found in the appropriate language
category in this list.
Kidon Media-Link A comprehensive
collection of links to media sites (including newspapers, magazines, TV
and radio) worldwide, sorted by continent and country. Perhaps the most
comprehensive list of its type on the Internet.
The Paperboy. A comprehensive
list of online newspapers, sorted by country.
Online Dictionaries and Grammars
NB: This category contains links to multi-lingual dictionaries/grammars
and lists of dictionaries/grammars. Those dedicated to a particular language
(eg French) or language pair (eg French-English) can be found in the appropriate
language category.
Alternative Dictionaries
Words you wouldn't usually find in dictionaries (slang, idioms, swear
words) in a wide range of languages. You can contribute your own entries
to a dictionary.
Babylon Online Dictionaries. A quite large 'meta-search' engine enabling the user to search a multitude of online dictionaries in a range of languages and language pairs, including English-German, -Dutch, -Danish, -Swedish, and -Finnish.
The DICT Development Group. A project
to develop a protocol and tools to develop and query online natural language
databases. The site currently features an interface to several online
English dictionaries, allowing the user to query all or any of them at
one time using advanced search criteria.
Dictionary.com. Online searchable
English dictionary, including links to other English and non-English
online dictionaries and a glossary of English jargon terms.
Il Dizionario di
Virgilio. A combined dictionary and search engine which allows you
to translate a word (or simple phrase) into/from over 20 languages. Although
the results are very simple you can then search for the result in the
Virgilio site index and on the Web, allowing you to see the word/phrase
in use.
Dutch-French-English
Contrastive Verb Valency Dictionary. An "on-line dictionary that contrasts
the syntactic behaviour of verbs which are often used as each other's
translations but which are invariably 'false friends', syntactically as
well as semantically. The CVVD systematically outlines to what extent
they correspond and where they differ."
e-Free Translation.
A 'meta search engine' which will search for a term using a number of
online dictionaries (such as Eurodicautom and WordReference). There's
a similar machine translation facility for phrases or URLs. The site also
has links to online dictionaries and machine translators, and to downloadable
translation software.
EURODICAUTOM Online
form-based technical translation of official and technical terms in twelve
European source/target languages. Recommended.
FoxLingo. A Firefox browser extension which adds translation tools to the browser enabling you to translate full web pages using online translation tools. At the time of writing (March 2007) FoxLingo supports 45 languages.
Glossary
Agent. An annotated gateway to over 300 online monolingual, bilingual,
and multilingual glossaries in 18 subject categories of interest to professionals
in insurance and related sectors such as finance, law, and healthcare.
The Internet Dictionary Project.
"The Internet Dictionary Project's goal is to create royalty-free translating
dictionaries through the help of the Internet's citizens." You can search
online dictionaries for English words in selected European languages,
or vice versa, and download a Windows application allowing you to search
offline.
Insultmonger. Includes the Swearsaurus, or "How to insult, swear, cuss, and curse in 180 languages!". Surely a fine companion to the long-running Alternative Dictionary.
Internet
Public Library: Dictionaries Ready Reference Links to online dictionaries.
ITU Telecommunication
Terminology Database (TERMITE). Search the ITU database for technical
terms in English, French, Russian, and French.
Langtolang.com. A multilingual
dictionary covering English, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Russian,
and Turkish. The dictionary gives simple one word results. Site text in
English, Turkish, and German.
List
of Dictionaries. Primarily links to bilingual (English + another language)
and monolingual English dictionaries, including 'informal' works such
as the Hacker's Dictionary, but also some non-English dictionaries.
NETGLOS.
A multilingual glossary of Internet terminology. Look up Internet terms
in a wide range of (mainly European) languages.
Oxford Reference: Modern Languages. Online, searchable versions of
Oxford bilingual dictionaries giving full definitions and etymologies,
with a useful cross-reference feature to follow leads. Language pairs
currently served are English-French, -German, -Italian, and -Spanish.
Roget's
Thesaurus. An online search form for the famous English thesaurus.
travlang's Translating Dictionaries.
Online dictionaries in a wide range of languages, including 'minority'
languages such as Danish and Dutch and even Esperanto. There's also a
downloadable freeware dictionary called Ergane. A highly recommended site.
A Web of Online
Grammars. A list of links to online grammars and language lessons,
sorted by language. This is now part of the yourdictionary.com
website.
Textil
sector dictionaryA searchable dictionary of textile technical terms,
in Spanish, English, German, and French.
Webster's Online Dictionary - the Rosetta Edition. Non-searchable dictionaries/glossaries of in a wide range of non-English languages, including many non-European and minority languages. Entries are sorted alphabetically by page.
WordBot A translation tool with
a difference. Load a WWW page via Wordbot, then click on a word and Wordbot
will look it up in a dictionary of your choice (English, French, German,
and Italian are currently available). A unique and imaginative service
- recommended, particularly for teachers and learners of Italian.
yourDictionary.com. A quite
stunning collection of links to online dictionaries, including speciality
dictionaries, in a wide range of human languages (and some non-human,
such as Klingon). The site also has an searchable English dictionary (Webster's)
and thesaurus, a translator between English and four European languages,
word games, grammars, and much more. Recommended. (This site incorporates
Robert Beard's Web of Online Dictionaries.)
WordReference. An online
dictionary covering English to Italian, Spanish, German, and French, and
vice versa. It returns full definitions of words, multiple definitions
when words have multiple meanings (eg "present"), and phrases and expressions
using the word. You can also translate words on a web page simply by double-clicking
them. Recommended.
Organisations
Association for Learning
Technology (ALT). A body devoted to promoting and facilitating the
use of learning technology in UK Higher Education.
British Educational Communications
and Technology agency (BECTa). A body working for the UK Department
of Education and Employment (DfEE) to develop the DfEE's "National Grid
for Learning". BECTA was previously known as the National Council for
Educational Technology (NCET). The site hosts a database
of educational software, including CALL software.
The British Council. A UK state-funded
organisation which "promotes educational, cultural and technical co-operation
between Britain and other countries".
CALICO. The Computer Assisted Language
Instruction Consortium.
Canadian Association for Second Language
Teachers. Information on the Association and its activities, selected
and annotated links to sites relevant to second language teachers in French
and English, and selected articles from the Association journal Réflexions.
Site text in English and French.
CARLA. The Centre for Advanced
Research on Language Acquisition.
CILT Centre for Information on
Language Teaching and Research
European Language Council/Conseil
europeen pour les languages (ELC/CEL)
European
Year of Languages 2001. An initiative of the European Union to celebrate
linguistic diversity and promote language learning. EYL 2001 involves
a Europe-wide information campaign, managed by an organisation in each
EU member state.
International Association
for Language Learning Technology. The IALL is "dedicated to promoting
effective uses of media centers for language teaching, learning, and research".
Japan Association for
Language Teaching Based in Japan, JALT is "a professional organization
of people interested in promoting excellence in language learning and
teaching"
LTSN Subject Centre for Languages,
Linguistics, and Area Studies. Our parent organisation whose purpose
is to promote "high quality learning and teaching across all UK higher
education institutions" by supporting "dissemination, innovation,
and cooperation".
Ontario Modern Language
Teachers Association.
Resource sites
CELIA
(Computer Enhanced Language Instruction Archive), now based at La Trobe
University, Melbourne, Australia.
European Literature
- Electronic Texts. A collection of links to European Literature electronic
texts on the WWW, sorted by language.
FreeTranslation.com. A
web-based machine translation service which translates free text, or whole
web pages, fairly quickly. At the time of writing, the system can translate
from English into six other European languages, and from three of those
languages into English.
Language-Learning.net.
Information on language courses, certificates, and organisations world
wide. The site has a 'Course Finder', via which you can carry out detailed
searches for courses in a particular language.
Project Gutenberg. The official website
of the project to make literary texts available in electronic form. The
project currently has thousands of texts by a wide range of classical
authors in the original language and in translation.
The Romance
Languages Resource Page. A very large collection of links to sites
related to Romance languages, sorted by language. Recommended.
Software
There's an online
searchable database of CALL software on the C&IT pages of the Subject
Centre website.
Authoring
Tools. An annotated list of links to sites related to a number of
authoring tools, including many widely used for developing CALL applications.
The CALICO
Review. Reviews of CALL software, with an archive sorted by language.
You can also register yourself as a reviewer.
CALL@Chorus. Detailed
reviews of selected CALL software and CALL-related books, plus demos of
CALL software written by the site owner, Jim Duber.
CALL Materials from
the SIU Language Media Centre A few downloadable beta versions of
CALL applications developed at the Southern Illinois University.
C&IT Centre's Software
Database. A searchable database of CALL software, maintained by the
Subject Centre's C&IT team.
C&IT Centre's Software
Reviews. A large collection of reviews of CALL applications, sorted
alphabetically by title.
Design Elements
for Interactive Multimedia. A paper by David Kennedy and Carmel McNaught
on pedagogical issues in multimedia software design, published in the
Australian Journal of Educational
Technology.
Developing
Multimedia Courseware. A freely-downloadable book for developers,
or would-be developers, of multimedia educational software.
Foreign
Language Multimedia Software. A searchable database of CALL software,
categorised by language. Hosted by the National
Foreign Language Resource Centre at the University of Hawaii, USA.
John and Muriel Higgin's
Home Page. Downloadable CALL software for language learning and linguistics.
IALL Foreign Language Software
Database. A large, browsable, and searchable, database of CALL software.
Some product entries have links to online reviews.
Italian
Verbs A Mac application for learning Italian verb conjugation.
Language
Teaching Software. Downloadable CALL authoring software to produce
both disk- and web-based language exercises.
Multilingual Software Digest. A large
list of pointers to language software on the WWW, sorted by language.
Small is Beautiful (SIB). An
EU-funded multinational project, based at the University of Hull, UK,
which aims to develop multimedia CALL for some less widely used languages.
Teacher's Pet. A very useful,
and free, piece of software for English teachers. The tool is a collection
of macros for use with MS Word, which allow the user to create a range
of printed classroom exercises, such as word jumbles and gapfills.
Teachmaster. Free software for compiling
and learning vocabularies. Language files can be downloaded to provide
the interface in languages other than Germand or English - at the time
of writing, French, Italian and Portuguese were available.
The Virtual CALL Library
Links to language-related freeware and shareware on the Internet.
Translation and Interpreting
Alta Vista: Translations.
Online machine translation of web pages, either by entering the URL or
copying the page text. The service is named "Babelfish", after
the creature from the cult radio/book series The HitchHiker's Guide
to the Galaxy.
BDÜ. The German translators association.
Website text in German only.
Conference
Interpreting. Sponsored by the Joint
Interpreting and Conference Service (JICS) of the European Commission,
this contains information on interpreting courses run in higher education
institutions throughout Europe.
CyberBabel.
A single-page collection of annotated and sorted links for translators,
including translating tools, grammar guides, and legal translation.
FreeTranslation. An online
language translator into which you can paste text, or a web page URL,
and get a rough and ready translation. The engine handles English to/from
Italian, Spanish, German, French, Portuguese, and Norwegian.
Gist-In-Time. A machine
translator which will translate whole web pages, retaining them in their
original format. As with Babelfish, the results are often risible, but
as the site title suggests, you (just about) get the gist of the text.
At the time of writing, there were six European languages, and Japanese,
available.
International Association of Conference
Interpreters. Information on the AIIC, and tips for interpreters and
students of interpreting.
LOGOS. An online, searchable, multilingual
database of terms. Entering a search word or phrase produces a page with
links to the word/phrase in context and relevant WWW sites. Also contains
a long list of useful WWW sites (including online dictionaries) sorted
by country.
Reverso online translator. Online
translation of passages of text and web pages, to/from English/French/German/Spanish/Russian.
Supplying a URL to the translator will translate the page and the links
within it, and if you click on a link the resulting page will also be
translated - a nice touch.
SysTran. An online machine
translator which allows you to translate words, phrases, or web pages,
into or from English. Languages supported are French, German, Spanish,
Portuguese, and Italian.
Translated.net. A free machine translator
for a range of language pairs in European and Asian languages, acting
as a promotion for a translation agency. An interesting wrinkle is that
you can specify a text subject, eg Chemistry, IT, Physics, etc.
The Translation
Centre. Advertises translation services, and also has a useful list
of pointers to online dictionaries in many languages.
The Translator's Home Companion.
A home page for translators and interpreters.
Useful links for
translators.
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